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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still more stable than was expected.
The country is looking for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that values respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and also made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other countries and introduced block printing to Japan along with styles of art as well as a written language and paper making.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time, the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and often required them to serve in the army or take part in government projects such as building fortifications.
At the close of this period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje took on Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all people, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements are evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious goods like amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territory. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. The people who are awed by the huge cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand, champions of the old system want to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear of job loss.
The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development: illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies significant factors that may influence these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this group. A survey in 2009 revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there wasn't enough evidence from science to support the theory; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was primarily focused on educating students and bringing Christ to them. A significant rise in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, following an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, where it reported on its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. There, students were so fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised the money and support to put up a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches, which hold seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts and other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. During this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman 에볼루션 무료 바카라 drummers and other musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new development paradigm. The main challenge for the new regime is to find an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.